King's College Department of History
The Presidency: Documents and Resources
Website Project - History 425 - Spring 2000
THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY
It has been described as "dignified slavery" by one of its occupants yet sought with creativity and cunning by many. It has been
referred to as the most powerful position in the world yet shunned and avoided by some truly great Americans. A modern day analyst called it "imperial" yet its original creators were most fearful lest it become monarchical.
It has been the target of myriad criticisms in time of peace yet often the polestar in the midst of crisis, internal and external.
It is a branch of government with few articulated powers yet some would say that it is possessed of all power - and, to be sure, some of its occupants have acted thusly.
Some have come to it by accident; some have left it by violent means. Some have left it at the height of their power and popularity and others at the nadir of their public lives.
During the course of SPRING 2000 we attempted once again to explore the varied elements which comprise the Presidency as well as the individuals
who have occupied the Office Of Chief Magistrate. In doing so we have created this Website to provide others with some of the information and insights
which we have acquired. By no means is this Website complete. As a matter of fact we have not included the incumbent President nor have we attempted
to suggest who will be referred to as POTUS in the year 2001. We hope that these links we have listed will guide individuals to further examination
of the Office and suggest resources where the study of each individual President might be best advanced.
We Invite You to use this Website. We Invite You to notify us if we have offered poor directions. We Encourage You to suggest additional
links which might increase the quantity and improve the quality of our Documents and Resources.
Finally, we invite YOU to join in the process of "writing the history of the American Presidency" by casting your VOTE on November 7, 2000!
(Perhaps someday you will be able to cast that vote electronically?)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL PRESIDENTIAL RESOURCES
- "Hail To The Chief"
Since the days of John Quincy Adams the U. S. Marine Band and others have greeted
the arrival of the President of the United States with this piece of music.
- Internet Public Library
POTUS - Presidents of the United States. A very fine comprehensive site.
- The White House
The Official White House Presidential Site. Biographies and Links for Presidents and First Ladies.
- The American President
Outstanding Resource Site. Superb Structure. Based on the Kunhardt TV Series and their book,The American President
- The American Presidents:Life Portraits
Exceptionally fine and diverse site prepared by C-SPAN as an adjunct to its 1999 TV series on the Presidency.
- United States Presidents
General Site. Described as "An Informal Reference Guide". Various links to additional information. Not all scholarly resources.
- Presidents
A variety of links on each President composed by Michael Kinsella. Some primary source connections.
- The Presidency
From the Francis A. Drexel Library at St. Joseph's University. Not all resources available by Web links. Yet, a fine guideline.
- Presidential Trivia
Trivia!!!! Interesting and Amusing.
- Presidential Ratings
Produced by Dr. David W. Ahearn at the University of Dayton.
Analysis of various Presidential Rating Schemes. Very interesting site.
- Presidential "Sketches"
Biographical Sketches. Brief Overviews.
- Presidential Facts
Synopses of each President presented in quick, easy to read "bullets".
- Inaugural Addresses
The Bartleby.Com Search Site for all Presidential Inaugural Addresses.
- Presidents and Vice-Presidents
Chart of Presidents and VicePresidents as well as Political Party and Terms of Office.
- Portraits
Portraits of Presidents and First Ladies from the Library of Congress.
- Early America 1763-1815
Especially valuable connections on Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison.
- Cold War America 1945-2000
A variety of resources and links from Truman to Clinton.
- Presidential Politics
A general resource with links to political parties and related sites. Campaign 2000 is also linked.
- Vice-Presidents
A Chart of Vice-Presidents of the U. S. From the only Vice-Presidential Museum: The Dan Quayle Center and Museum
GEORGE WASHINGTON
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
- George Washington's Thanksgiving Proclamation
George Washington asks on September 25, 1789 that people give thanks for peace and the Constitution. Full text.
- Washington's Farewell Address
With the assistance of Alexander Hamilton, Washington delivered an oft remembered valedictory. The full text is provided.
- Treaty of Greenwell in 1795
A treaty between the US and the Indian tribes of the Delaware, Shawnee, Ottawas, Chippawas and many other tribal nations. Offered in the full text.
- The Whiskey Rebellion
This site gives a historic account of the Whiskey Rebellion, which occurred in West Allegheny Pennsylvania. Washington enforced the law by heading the militia.
Foreign Affairs
- The Jay Treaty
The site offers the full text of the articles of the Jay Treaty as it was negotiated with Britain.
- The San Lorenzo Treaty
The site shows how on October 27, 1795 America tried to stretch its borders to the west. This treaty was signed with Spain and opened up the Mississippi River for American Navigation.
- The Alien and Sedition Acts
This site offers a full text concerning the Alien and Sedition Act passed by Congres in 1798. This Act concerns our alienation of war with France.
- The Paris Peace Treaty of 1783
This site offers us a full text of the agreement of peace between France, Great Britain and the United States. Six years before Washington became president but it offers us a look of the future of foriegn policy under George Washington.
Articles and Publications
- The Whiskey Rebellion Compared to Today.
This journal article offers a look at taxation and the Whiskey Rebellion. Takes a contemporary approach and compares it to America now with taxes on cigarettes.
- 1796, The First Real Election.
Washington was an American hero and a true man of the people. This site illustrates that Washington never had a real election, and how his resignation will lead to a two party system.
- Washington, Man of Myths.
Authored by Tom Huntington who is the editor of America History. He explains the many myths of George Washington. The story of the chopping of the cherry tree is in this article.
- Washington's Journal in the Maryland Gazzette
In the Maryland Gazzette, General George Washington's journal was published on March 21, 1754 and March 28, 1754. See the text of the journal as it was written over 200 years ago.
JOHN ADAMS
General Resources
- Biography of John Adams
A history of his childhood and a background of his family. He especially enjoyed hunting.
- John Adams 2nd President (1797-1801)
This is an excellent site. It has varied information about Adams' Presidency. How he helped lead the movement for Independence, as well as his role in the Revolutionary War.
- President John Adams
This is an excellent links to links site for John Adams.
- John Adams. (1736-1826)
Good primary source. It contains a letter, the soon to be President Adams, sent to his wife dated July 3,1776.
Domestic Affairs
- John Adams-Thoughts on Government
This site contains John Adams'"Thoughts on Government". In this Adams talks about how politics is the science of social happiness, and the blessings of society depend entirely on the constitutions of government.
- John Adams-Novanglus
This site has President John Adams "Novanglus" regarding the high seas. How Parliament should have no right to impose jurisdiction over them and that he has drawn a line between the rights of Britain and the rights of the colonies.
- Letter to Jefferson
This site contains a letter John Adams wrote to Thomas Jefferson, in which Adams wishes Jefferson good health.
- The Nation's Capitol - A Letter
This site contains a one of the kind, letter written by Adams to all federal department heads ordering the relocation of government offices from Philadelphia to the District of Columbia, on May 15,1800 at which time the capitol of the United States was reestablished in Washington D.C. on the Potomac River.
Foreign Affairs
- John Adams XYZ Affair
This site has a speech, which John Adams gave to Congress, regarding the XYZ affair.
- Letter on George III
This site contains a rare letter from John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, describing the greeting he received from King George III as the first American minister to Great Britain, June 3,1785.
- The Original Sedition Act
This site can be used as an excellent primary source of information; an original copy of the Sedition Act passed during John Adams' Presidency.
- John Adams
This site contains a biography of John Adams, including a detailed account of how he handled foreign affairs.
Articles and Publications
- John Adams
This site is extremely valuable as it contains much information about John Adams and is full of detailed accounts of him during his life and presidency. Overall, this is a very good article written about the second president of the United States John Adams.
- Second U.S. President
This is a good site as it states many facts about President Adams and about his own personal
life. It states how Adams was attracted to political life, very early in his career as a lawyer.
- John Adams: Critical Review
This site has a critical review of John Adams as President and person. Many criticize him for "talking the talk", but not "walking the walk".
- John Adams: A Good Decision-Maker
This is an excellent article written about John Adams and tells stories of him as a boy.
THOMAS JEFFERSON
General Resources
- Monticello- The Home of Thomas Jefferson>
This site is about the home of Thomas Jefferson. It provides a brief biography of him. This site also describes many of his interests, papers, and shows the house he built. There is also a journal on how he spent his day at Monticello.
- Biography of Thomas Jefferson
This site provides a biographical sketch of Jefferson. This especially includes his rise to the Presidency and his actions as President.
Domestic Affairs
- Thomas Jefferson on Politics and Government
This site contains Jefferson's thoughts on politics and government. It provides many quotations from Jefferson's writings, explaining his policy of American self-government and how this philosophy guided him in his political life.
- Marbury Vs. Madison
This site deals with a major domestic issue in the Jefferson first term: the appointment of the "midnight judges". The outcome of this case established the power of the Supreme Court as a major force.
Foreign Affairs
- Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase
This is a site maintained by the Museum of Westward Expansion. It explains how Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, thus more than doubling the size of the United States. It also provides some info on the Lewis and Clark expedition.
- Louisiana Purchase
This site provides more detail about the Louisiana Purchase. This especially includes the political maneuvering that happened on both sides.
Articles and Publications
- Thomas Jefferson, Son of Virginia
This site is an article by Dennis Montgomery of the Colonial Williamsburg Journal. This article suggests how from early on in his life, Jefferson was destined for greatness. The article also chronicles Jefferson's life from birth to death.
- Thomas Jefferson: Father Of Invention
This site is an article by Thomas Jewett for the Early American Review. This article explains how Jefferson encouraged innovation and established the Patent Office.
JAMES MADISON
General Resources
- James Madison University
A good site from James Madison University with much information about the fourth President.
- Madison Biography
A site with some good biographical information about James Madison from the University of Virginia.
- Madison Information
Some additional biographical information on James Madison
Domestic Affairs
- Madison Letters
From James Madison University - A site containing letters from James Madison in which he talks about several different issues including personal, domestic, and foreign affairs.
Foreign Affairs
- Reason For War of 1812
A speech given to Congress in which James Madison states the reason for a declaration of war against Great Britain.
Articles and Publications
JAMES MONROE
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
- The Missouri Compromise
This site explains how the compromise, during Monroe's Presidency was a balance of power between North and South. This includes details on how the compromise was arranged and its effect on starting the road to the Civil War.
- African American Journey- Missouri Compromise
This site is part of the "African American Journey" by World Book; part of the politics and war section. This includes the intense debate during the compromise and the solution by admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.
Foreign Affairs
- The Monroe Doctrine
This site provides information on the Monroe Doctrine which, in effect, said to the European powers and Russia to leave the Americas alone.
- 1823- The Monroe Doctrine
This site is part of the American Heritage "Time Machine", providing more insight on the Monroe Doctrine. This includes some of the events happening in the world during that time.
Articles and Publications
- The Monroe Doctrine Declared
This site discusses the influence which the Monroe Doctrine still has on U.S. relations today. Also many scholars attempt to analyze the Monroe administration's decision to produce the document.
- The Monroe Doctrine and a Reaction
This site includes more reasons for the Monroe Doctrine, but also reaction at the time. This includes an article in the Baltimore Chronicle, establishing the Monroe Doctrine as a great document.
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
- Orations Of John Quincy Adams
Provides two meditations written by JQA.
These reflect his views which, in turn, reflect his presidency.
- Ordinance Of Nullification
Provides the text from the 1832 Ordinance of Nullification by South Carolina. The signing of the 1828 Tariff
of Abominations by JQA was an important factor leading up to the 1832 Nullification.
- Treaty Of Indian Springs,
February 12, 1825
Provides the text of the 1825 treaty between the Creek Nation and the government
in which the tribe gave up residence in the state of Georgia. The strife between the Native Americans and the government
is demonstrated well in this document.
- Treaty
With The Potawatami
Displays the 1828 treaty between the Potawatami and the governemt.
Another good example of Indian removal during JQA's presidency.
Foreign Affairs
- Treaty Of
Ghent 1814
End of the War of 1812. This site provides the text from the December 1814 Treaty of Ghent between the U.S.
and Great Britain. JQA was the head of the U.S. peace commission at Ghent.
- John Quincy Adams' Amistad Argument
Presents the full text of JQA's Supreme Court argument in the 1841 Amistad case. A worthwhile
primary source.
- USA: The Monroe Doctrine
Provides the full text of the 1823 Monroe Doctrine, which was proclaimed, partly, as a result of the efforts of JQA. This
document is an example of the diplomatic ability of Adams.
-
Adams-Onis Treaty:1819
Provides the full text of the 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty, signed by the
U.S. and Spain. Another good example of JQA's diplomatic experience.
Articles And Publications
- John Quincy And Universal
America
This article, from Executive Intelligence Review, analyzes the political career of JQA, and
attempts to give him the proper credit that was not given to him during his presidency. The
common analysis of John Quincy Adams' presidency leads one to believe that he was not very effective when, in
fact, he was a very successful diplomat.
- John Quincy Adams Wins
New Look After Legacy Profiled In "AMISTAD"
This article shows how Hollywood gave
JQA a great deal of credit for the Amistad case by giving his character the starring role in 'Amistad' in 1997.
Gives credit to Adams, whose Presidency has often been overlooked.
- The Ordeal Of John Quincy Adams
And The Election Of Andrew Jackson
An examination of the presidency of JQA and the
reasons why it was considered to be a failure, despite the fact that his career was notable otherwise. A very detailed
article.
ANDREW JACKSON
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
- Westward Expansion And Regional Difference
This essay provides a discussion of Jackson's 1832 veto of the re-chartering of the Second
National Bank. Jackson's use of the veto illustrates his disdain for what he felt to be a monopolistic organization.
- Removal Act Of 1830
Presents the full text of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which moved the Native Americans to points west of the
Mississippi. A good example of domestic legislation supported by Jackson.
- Southern Illinois History: The Trail Of
Tears
Discusses the infamous removal of the Cherokees from the area around the Smokey
Mountains. Another example of Jackson's support for removal.
- The Hayne-Webster Debate
Explains the Hayne-Webster Debate, which raised questions as to the interpretation of the
Constitution in matters of public lands. This is a good example of a prelude to the westward expansion of the U.S.
during Jackson's presidency.
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
MARTIN VAN BUREN
General Resources
- American Presidents. Life Portraits
This site gives life facts, numerous portraits, his public services, and contains a "did you know" section of President Martin Van Buren. It contains related links, a bibliography, his inaugural address, etc. Overall a great site for general information on Martin Van Buren.
- Martin Van Buren
This site contains detailed information from Van Buren's early life to his accomplishments as an elder statesman. Overall, a terrific site for general information of President Van Buren.
- President Martin Van Buren: Eighth President of the United States.
This site contains interesting facts, quotes, a bibliography, events of his Administration, an inaugural address, and links of Martin Van Buren. A terrific site for general information research.
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
- Martin Van Buren: The Greatest American President
This tremendously detailed article extracted from The Independent Review offers some very interesting points of view pertaining to the successes of the Van Buren Administration. Written by Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, this article is a very entertaining piece.
- Looking to history problem in Amistad.
This site contains an article written by Michael Henderson and Patricia West which appeared in the Albany, NY Times Union on December 28, 1997.
- Irish Immigrant Workers in Antebellum New York: The Experience of Domestic Servants at Van Buren's Lindenwald.
This page contains an article written by Patrica West discussing Irish immigrant workers in Antebellum, New York. The article is taken fomr the Hudson Valley Regional Review: A Journal of Regional Studies, September 1992, Volume 9, Number 2.
- Gap Politics.
This page contains an article written by Steven Stark which was written in the Atlantic Monthly. Stark's aticle discusses reasons why he believes each party and its candidates now appear to represent, at least in part, the interests of one sex agianst the other. In his article he makes reference to the Van Buren Administration for evidence to try and prove his theory.
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
- Harrison Discourse
Discource by Harrison dealing with Indian affairs.
- Gap Politics
Talks about gender issues in politics and refers to Harrison's campaign.
- Election Superstitions
Discusses superstitions of elections which include associations to Harrison.
- Abridged History
Relates information about 19th century U.S. including the Whig Party.
JOHN TYLER
General Resources
- President John Tyler-Tenth president of the U.S.
This site offers a biography on our tenth president--John Tyler. It offers a concise listing of events during his presidency and his cabinet and Supreme Court.
- Sherwood Forest--Home of President John Tyler
This site offers a brief background of President Tyler as well as detailed information about his home--Sherwood Forest.
- John Tyler
This site offers neatly laid out biographical facts about President Tyler as well as mentions his rise in politics and life after the presidency.
Domestic Affairs
- Treaty for the Annexation of Texas
This is one of President Tyler's more impressive domestic policies--the annexation of Texas.
- Preemption and Homestead Acts
This site pertains to the Pre-Emption Act or "Log Cabin Bill" of 1841. It allowed squatters to live on government land, improve it and then purchase up to 160 acres for $1.25 an acre.
- Whig Party
This site contains the policies of the Whig Party. President Tyler did not write up, agree to or carry out many of these policies although he was a Whig Party member.
- 1816-1860: The Second American Party System and the Tariff
After the crises with the French and British, the US government began to use the tariff as a major source of funding. This site offers a history of tax reform with mention of Tyler's role in 1842.
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
- "John Tyler and the Pursuit of National Destiny"
This is an article from the Journal of the Early American Republic. It speaks about John Tyler's "pursuit of national destiny."
- "The Presidential Succession"
This May 1947 article, although not specifically about Tyler, is about a Vice President succeeding the Presidency, which Tyler was the first to do upon William Henry Harrison's death.
- "The Vice Presidency in Presidential Succession"
This article explains the success of the vice presidency: "it has provided an automatic and smooth transition in government at the President's death."
- TYLER, John, 1790-1862
This is an extended bibliography on John Tyler and not an article itself. The sources are not on-line sources, but offer additional print articles on our tenth president.
JAMES KNOX POLK
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
- The Oregon Trail
Journey westward and learn as you travel the Oregon Trail and research the "Great Migration" of 184.
- Independent Treasury
Discover how President Polk worked to develop an effective treasury system.
- Texas Annexation, Secession & Readmission to the Union
Review primary source governmental documents drafted during Polk's administration.
- The Wilmot Proviso, 1846
Drafted by David Wilmot,the bill provided a large appropriation for the settlement of border disputes with Mexico. If passed, the proviso would have prohibited slavery in territories gained from Mexico.
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
ZACHARY TAYLOR
General Resources
- Life and Career Information on
Zachary Taylor
This site provides a brief but very detailed account of Taylor's career, commencing
with his service prior to the War of 1812 and ending with his death as President
of the United States. It is a very good site for an overview of Taylor's military
career.
- A Presidential
Visit From the Grave: The Exhumation of Taylor's Body
Dedicated to a project constructed to uncover the mysteries and theories surrounding
President Taylor's death in 1850. The study acquits any thoughts that Taylor died of
other factors rather than the gastroenteritis which was first reported.
- Zachary Taylor House Site
This site includes details on the history of Zachary Taylor's personal home in Louisiana.
Also depicts Taylor's love for his home and both the Southern way of life and his residing in the
Deep South.
Domestic Affairs
- Zachary Taylor's Domestic
Agenda
This site encompasses Taylor's political career and personal convictions on the preeminent
policy debate of the era: slavery. Includes Taylor's personal beliefs on the issue plus
the thoughts of the Whig Platform as a whole. Gives insight into whether Taylor's personal
convictions as a slaveholder played any role in his politics.
- Excerpts from the
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Part of Clay's Omnibus Bill that Taylor struggled with to a great extent, the Fugitive Slave
Act added more fuel to the fire that eventually erupted in 1861. This site contains
quotes and selections from the infamous act regarding slavery as stolen property.
- Taylor, Cass, and Van Buren: The
Election of 1848
This site provides anything and everything you need to know about the Election of
1848. From a short synopsis, to charts and graphs, to a state by state breakdown,
this site contains a plethora of information about this exciting three-way race
for the White House.
- California Gold Rush of 1849
This website provides a plethora of information pertaining to the Gold Rush, which
commenced in 1849 during Taylor's administration. Includes first-hand accounts,
stories, and many other resources on this topic, plus classroom items for teachers.
Foreign Affairs
- Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic
Site
Provides detailed information on the Battle of Palo Alto and its site, one of
several skirmishes along the Rio Grande during the Mexican War in which Taylor
led the American forces. Gives casualty figures, a brief synopsis, and
analysis on the outcome of the battle.
- Clayton-Bulwer
Treaty of 1850
The only prominent foreign policy initiative taken during the Taylor administration
was the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. This site provides the treaty in its entirety;
a treaty that set the stage for the construction of the Panama Canal over 50
years later.
- Mexican War Battle Links
Provides a chronological list of the major skirmishes and battles of the Mexican
War. Being the vehicle that raised Taylor from obscure military general to
Presidential candidate, this site provides information on how Taylor made that
gigantic leap over the course of three years.
-
Overview of Cuban Intervention
This website provides a brief yet detailed report on another area of foreign
affairs in the Taylor administration, Cuba. In an area that is not very well
known, this information sheds light on the Cuban crisis that would explode
in war in 1898.
Articles and Publications
-
Account of the Black Hawk War of 1832
This article sheds light onto another military adventure of Taylor's pre-Presidential
career, the Black Hawk War. Taylor commanded troops in this armed conflict, yet
another instance of the nature of American-Native relations at the time.
-
Two Bloody Days at Buena Vista
This site provides an article that comments on the Battle of Buena Vista. It gives
detailed account of Taylor's actions, thoughts, and deeds as the American forces
fought against those from Mexico.
- The American Whig Party
This article contains an overview of the short-lived American Whig Party. Included
are articles on the historical background of the party and its formation, and
insight into why the party collasped in such a sudden fashion.
- List of
Articles Concerning Taylor
This link of articles provides details on Taylor's military career, including
his accomplishment of promoting the first woman to the rank of brevet major.
The articles may take time to explore, but contain a good deal of information.
MILLARD FILLMORE
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
FRANKLIN PIERCE
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
- The Gadsen Purchase: December 30, 1853
This is a copy of the treaty with Mexico by which the US bought land from Mexico. The land is today part of New Mexico and Arizona.
Last Continental acquisition of territory by the United States.
- Treaty with Argentina - 1853
This site is a copy of a treaty between The US and Argentina. It covers issues of Commerce, navigation, and friendship.
- Treaty with Austria-Hungary
This site contains an extradition treaty between the US and Austria Hungary which was signed on July 3, 1856.
- Covenant with Great Britain
This is a copy of a Covenant between the US and Great Britain and the US signed in 1853. Designed to resolve outstanding claims of the War of 1812.
Articles and Publications
JAMES BUCHANAN
General Resources
- James Buchanan: 15th President of the United States
A site created by PCN on the only President ever from Pennsylvania. A good links site which can help one find information on the President. Each link varies and that is why this site can be so valuable.
- James Buchanan's Obituary
An article from the New York Times on the death of former President James Buchanan. The obituary of James Buchanan from June 2, 1868.
- President James Buchanan
A site which is very broad, yet gives information such as his famous quote and interesting facts. Also, this site has a chart, which shows what happened during his presidency, and who was in is Cabinet. Last, this site has a broad bibliography of his life with many facts and details.
Domestic Affairs
- Political Compromises: The Dred Scott Decision
This site contains the "Dred Scott Decision." The article talks about why the North was so angered by this decision and why this topic brought the North and South closer to war.
- Secession Crisis
This site contains information which was true to the times during Buchanan's administration. The site talks about "Bleeding Kansas" and how it was a bloody battle between people who believed in no slavery and people who believed in slavery. Buchanan agreed with making it a slave state, but with the power of Congress, that was denied and the struggle continued for seven years.
- South Carolina Declaration of Causes of Secession
A site which talks about the greatest domestic problem any President has ever experienced. President James Buchanan first saw the state of South Carolina leave the Union followed by six other states. This site gives in depth information as to why South Carolina left, and how they started the Confederate government.
- Dred Scott, Plaintiff in Error vs. John F.A. Sandford
This site is in fact the court hearing between Dred Scott vs. John A. Sandford. The site describes the whole process of how Scott became a slave and what the court used to judge this procedure.
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
- James Buchanan's Wheatland
A journal article which talks about James Buchanan's home. The article talks about how beautiful, and quiet his house was among the wheat fields.
- Bleeding Kansas: An Old campaign in the Civil War
An article which describes the problems the state of Kansas had from the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 till 1861. The journal gives reasons as to why this revolution began and what was done to settle it seven years later.
- South Carolina Secession Declaration Debate
A major journal article written around the same time of South Carolina's secession from the Union. This article gives the exact reasons as to why South Carolina left the Union and what they believed they were going to do with the new Confederate government.
- James Buchanan Named Among Top Fifty Presidents
A humorous site in that the PCNTV network feels that Former President Buchanan ending up the 41st in a recent C-SPAN "best presidents" ever poll. "The Pennsylvania Cable Network's annual presentation of Buchanan birthday programming is being celebrated by Commonwealth residents with festive bonnets, egg hunts, and large family dinners."
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
General Resources
- The Civil War
Civil War online. A very
general Civil War resource
- Lincoln Net
Lincoln links.
Numerous Lincoln historical links. Created by Ralph E. Borror, a Lincoln "buff".
- Policy Documents
General Lincoln Holiday Site.
- Biography
Lincoln
biography.
- Lincoln
Excellent Links on Lincoln
Domestic Affairs
- At Gettysburg
The Gettysburg
Address. A transcription of the speech delivered on the battlefield in 1863.
- The Quotable Lincoln
Lincoln quotations.
Various yet limited quotes from Lincoln's speeches and documents
- North vs. South
Civil War. General Information.
- Emancipation
Lincoln's
proclaimation. A transcription of Lincoln's proclamation.December 8, 1863.
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
ANDREW JOHNSON
General Resources
- Biography of Andrew Johnson
This web site provides a brief biography of Andrew Johnson, as well as his pre-Presidential career, and the highlights of his
domestic and foreign affairs while in office.
- Johnson: General Information
This web site gives a general description of the early life of Johnson, his rise to national politics, and his Presidency.
- Johnson's Obituary
The obituary of Andrew Johnson which discusses his death, life history, attitude in the rebellion (the Civil War), and his impeachment trial.
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
- Treaty with Russia
The treaty with Russia by which we purchased Alaska.
- Seward's Folly
A site highlighting Seward's Purchase of Alaska during the Johnson administration.
- Foreign Affairs
A summary of the foreign policy during Andrew Johnson's tenure in office.
- William Seward
This site provides a summary of the foreign policy activity of Secretary of State William Seward, the major foreign policy figure of the Johnson administration in Mexico, Alaska, etc
Articles and Publications
- Getting Right with Lincoln
An article from Atlantic Monthly dealing with the social revolution in the South and Johnson's role.
- Johnson-Clinton
The link between the impeached Presidencies of Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton.
- Impeachment
A journal article providing information of the Johnson impeachment
- Politics of Johnson
An article dealing with the politics of Andrew Johnson
ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT
General Resources
- Ulysses S. Grant: Eighteenth President
This page contains a significant amount of information concerning the Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. Included in this web page is a biography and details of his Presidency. Overall a very good general site.
- President Ulysses S. Grant: Eighteenth President of the United States.
This site is an excellent general information page dealing with the Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. This site contains interesting facts, quotes, a biography, events of his Administration, an inaugural address, and links to other sites.
- Ulysses S. Grant Network.
One cannot find a web page with more general information of President Grant. This site has it all. It contains various links, issues, pictures, etc. of the Grant Administration. In order to appreciate the information, one must look for themselves.
Domestic Affairs
- Grant's Peace Policy toward Native Americans and the Ministry of the Episcopal Church.
This page contains information on Grant's peace policy toward the Native Americans and the Ministry of the Episcopal Church. Provides in depth and informative look.
- Scandals.
This site contains a brief but informative summary of three major scandals that occurred during the Grant Presidency. Included are summaries of the Credit Mobilier Scandal, the Whiskey Ring Scandal, and impeachment propositions.
- Panic of 1873.
This site contains a tremendously detailed overview of the infamous Panic of 1873, which occurred during Grant's Administration. This site is quite informative and is one of the best descriptions of the Panic of 1873 on the entire Web.
- Panic of 1869.
This site is creatively put together. It offers sketches of "Black Friday," graphs which display the Gold Panic of 1869, as well as information discussing the major issues that brought about the panic.
Foreign Affairs
- President Grant's Diplomatic Mission to Asia.
This site contains numerous drawings depicting Grant's successful diplomatic mission to Asia. Accompanying the drawings is information concerning Grant's mission.
- The Washington Treaty 1871.
This site contains the Washington Treaty of 1871, a major issue of Grant's foreign policy. This treaty was the result of the United States asking for money from Britain for the damages inflicted on Union ships during the Civil War by Confederate ships that were built at British shipyards.
- Attempted Annexation of Santo Domingo.
This page contains a brief but informative summary of the attempted Annexation of Santo Domingo which was an important foreign policy victory for the Grant Adminsitration.
- The Alabama Claims.
This page contains a brief but informative summary of the Alabama Claims, which was an unresolved issue of the Civil War.
Articles and Publications
- Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, General and later President of the United States.
This site contains information written by Grant about various aspects of his private and political life. It is a very interesting article and brings the reader closer to Grant's personality.
- Ulysses S. Grant: The Myth of His Drinking.
This page contains an article that discusses Ulysses S. Grant's myth of drinking. Written by Marie Kelsey, this article offers several first hand accounts and reveals some information about Grant's drinking.
- Roosevelt on U.S. Grant.
This site contains an excerpt of a speech made by Teddy Roosevelt at Galena, Illinois. In his speech, Roosevelt "explored the qualities that made Grant an American icon.
- Six Historic Americans.
This site contains an article written by John E. Remsburg and discusses Grant's views on religion and compares them to other presidents.
RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD HAYES
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
Scholarly Journal Articles
JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
- James G. Blaine
The Biography of Blaine, who left Congress to become the short-lived Secretary of State.
Articles and Publications
- On Garfields Shooting
This and other articles on Garfield's assassination can be found at this site.
- A Madman?
Guiteau was insane. Should he have been tried? executed?
- Guiteau Papers
The Personal collection of papers of and on the insane killer.
- Political Cartoons
Collection of Political Cartoons of the era, depicting the President and Vice President Arthur in the 1880 election
- Garfield as a Ladies Man?
Story of "The Trinity": Garfied, his wife, and her friend
CHESTER ALAN ARTHUR
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
- Baseball
Arthur welcomes
the first pro ball players to the White House.
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
- Obituary
The New York Times article from the day Arthur died - November 19, 1886.
(STEPHEN) GROVER CLEVELAND
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
BENJAMIN HARRISON
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
(STEPHEN) GROVER CLEVELAND
See above - First Elected Term
WILLIAM McKINLEY
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
General Resources
- Theodore Roosevelt Association
This site is an excellent general resource for finding many facts and figures of President Roosevelt's term in office. From the life of TR to important research on him, one can find valuable information here.
- President Roosevelt Saves the Game
This page shows just how important TR was to the game of football and some of the rules he helped to create.
- President Theodore Roosevelt Medal
A site, which shows that every year, someone, receives a coin of TR which symbolizes "physical fitness." The site talks about the history of the coin and who and how one may receive this real life award.
Domestic Affairs
- The Conservation of Natural Resources
This site contains President Roosevelt's Seventh Annual Message to Congress on Dec. 3, 1907. The main idea of this speech: the U.S. has to conserve its natural resources.
- On American Motherhood
A speech from Theodore Roosevelt, given to the National Congress of Motherhood. A very valuable speech because it was at this time that women were becoming more important to American families and in this speech TR tells this group of women how important their role in the house is more important than any job a man could ever have.
- The Man with the Muck Rake
A site which contains President Theodore Roosevelt's concern for the many evils which the country was facing at that time.
- The American Boy
A site with the speech known as "The American Boy." In this speech, Theodore
Roosevelt tries to explain that every American boy will end up being a good man. He does not have to be "goody-goody" but rather live his life well and, in the end, he will become the man which people knew he would become.
Foreign Affairs
- Proclamation Ending the Philippine-American War
This is a site which gives the exact proclamation from President Theodore Roosevelt to the Philippines ending the American-Philippines War. Here, The TR pardons any people within the Philippine Islands who have fought against the U.S. and makes them promise that they accept the United States as a supreme power.
- The Work You Have Done Here Will Remain for the Ages
This text describes the praise which President Roosevelt gave the workers on the Panama Canal. The speech tells the workers that what will be done will be known forever in history and will not just help the United States or Panama, but the whole world.
- Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Sir Edward Grey
This text is TR's post-presidency; very important because six years after he was away from the White House, he was still trying to help other countries with certain situations. Here, TR offers advice to Sir Edward Grey regarding the escalating WWI hostilities between England, France, and Germany.
- The Calvary at Santiago
This text comes from Theodore Roosevelt's pre-presidency years. Before he became president, TR was in a military group known as the "Rough Riders." The text talks about what they endured while they were fighting in Cuba.
Articles and Publications
- True Americanism
This journal article entitled "True Americanism." This article is significant because Theodore Roosevelt writes it. In this article, he tries to explain how patriotism and Americanism is the same. He talks about why we should be patriotic and why we are the most up and coming country in the 19th century
- Thoughts on History
An incredible article written about Theodore Roosevelt which talks about how important he was when the United States was a up and coming power against world power Spain.
- Teddy Roosevelt: With Limitless Energy and a Passionate Sense of the Nation, he set the Stage for the American Century
A powerful article written by Time explaining Theodore Roosevelt and how he set the stage for the century which this country had. The article talks about his energy and how no matter what, he led the presidency the way he thought it should be.
- Conservation as the Guardian of Democracy
Text which bases the whole idea of "conservation" around the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. The journal goes into depth about how Roosevelt knew that the natural resources which this country held were the key to the future economy of the United States during his terms in office.
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
- William H. Taft
A site describing Taft's success as a domestic policy maker. Several pictures are presented.
- YMCA
President Taft attends a ground-breaking ceremony for the erection of a new YMCA building in Beverly, MA.
- Letter from the War Department
A letter from Taft to San Francisco officials after the great earthquake of 1906.
- Legal Information Institute
Supreme Court decisions made by Taft while Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
- Maj. Archibald Butt
Sounds strange! But BUTT happened to be one of Taft's best aides and a personal friend. This site is devoted to his memory and Taft's appearance at his funeral ceremony.
- Henry Ford on William H. Taft
A site in which Ford makes an anti-Semitic case against Taft whom he believed was assisting Jewish advancement.
- Helen Herron Taft
Taft's First Lady.
- William H. Taft
An article on the President by Megan Cole, a student.
T. WOODROW WILSON
General Resources
- President Woodrow Wilson
This biographical sketch of President Woodrow Wilson comes from the US memorial in honor of him, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
- Woodrow Wilson
This site neatly lays out the life of our twenty-eighth president, Woodrow Wilson.
- Woodrow Wilson
This site offers insight into Wilson's life as President of Princeton University and his role in the life of the institution.
Domestic Affairs
- Seventeenth Amendment
This site contains the provisions of the Seventeenth Amendment, which called for direct election of Senators by the US people.
- The US Sedition Act
This site contains the US Sedition Act of 1917 which prohibited, in times of war, any interference with the military operations of the US and/or slander against the US government.
- Eighteenth Amendment
This site contains the provisions of the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited alcoholic beverages to be manufactured, sold or transported within the US.
- Nineteenth Amendment
This site contains the Nineteenth Amendment, which granted women the right to vote.
Foreign Affairs
- Wilson's Fourteen Points
This site contains Wilson's Fourteen Points address to Congress. This document outlined Wilson's vision for a peaceful world.
- Wilson's War Message to Congress, April 2, 1917
This site contains Wilson's war message to Congress, voicing his concerns about WWI. On April 6, four days after the message, the US entered WWI with Congress's approval.
- League of Nations
This site contains Wilson's plan for the League of Nations, to "promote international co-operation" among world nations. Congress opposed such a covenant and the US did not join it.
- Treaty of Versailles
This treaty officially ended WWI. The Versailles Treaty included provisions for revising boundaries, setting reparations, disarming Germany and establishing the League of Nations.
Articles and Publications
- "Presidential Power"
This is an article from The Atlantic Monthly pertaining to Woodrow Wilson's power in foreign affairs.
- "A League of Nations as a League of Governments?"
This article written in 1923, shortly after Wilson left office, discusses his League of Nations proposal. It is the author's contention that the League's purpose should have been the "peoples' greater collective control over their governments" and not the opposite which seems to have been the case.
- "The League of Nations as an Instrument of Liberalism"
This article was written in 1920 when Wilson's League of Nations proposal, as contained in the Treaty of Versailles, was up for acception or rejection. The article discusses the criticisms of liberals of the League.
- "A Continuity of Thought"
This article from The Concord Review is about Woodrow Wilson's January 22, 1917 speech, "Peace Without Victory." The author contends that this speech, along with others by Woodrow Wilson like his Fourteen Points, proves the continuity of his speeches--peace for the world.
WARREN GAMALIEL HARDING
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
- Executive Order 3669
The actual document from Warren Harding calling for more benefits for war veterans.
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
- Messy Family
This article discusses Warren Harding's scandalous affairs outside of the White House Office.
- The Most Scandalous President
From an article of Forbes Magazine, the details of Warren Harding's life outside politics is discussed
- Let's Defend Warren Harding
This article written by politico and commentator Pat Buchanan can be found at his web page. It defends Harding. You Decide.
CALVIN COOLIDGE
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
- Speech at Home
A speech given by Calvin Coolidge in his home state of Vermont. I Love Vermont.
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
HERBERT CLARK HOOVER
General Resources
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
- Taking Back the People's Air
An interesting article on Herbert Hoover's involvement with radio
broadcasting.
- Monetary Policy and the Great Crash of 1929
This is an interesting article about the monetary policies that
contributed to the Great Crash of 1929 and evaluating them to and comparing them to today's fluctuating market.
- GSA: A Brief History
An interesting history of the GSA (General Services Administration)
and Herbert Hoover.
- The New Isolationalism
A May 1952 article from The Atlantic Monthly by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. on the topic of
isolationalism and Hoover's foreign policy within that context.
FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT
General Resources
- The New Deal Network
This is a great starting place for researching FDR on the World Wide
Web. It offers a wealth of historical documents and on-line resources.
- Franklin Roosevelt
This site provides valuable information on FDR's early life, the
Great Depression and World War II.
- Fireside Chats of FDR
This site offers a complete list of FDR's Fireside Chats.
- Eleanor Roosevelt Biography
This is a site which discusses Eleanor Roosevelt's greatest achievement,
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
- Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute
This site offers background biography on FDR and Eleanor Roosevelt.
The site also has an essay on the subject of polio and its effects on FDR.
- Roosevelt Study Center
This is a primary research institute on twentieth century American
history named after President Theodore Roosevelt, President Franklin
Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt. This site offers an exposition on
the life and times of the three Roosevelts
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
HARRY S TRUMAN
General Resources
- A Biographical Sketch
of Truman.
A listing of many of the important events of the Truman Presidency
- Essay on Truman's Character
An excerpt from PBS series on Presidential Character written by David McCullough; also contains a good narrative on Truman's Election.
- On Truman
- A good Overview of Truman's Life and Major Accomplishments. Good starting point for research.
- Harry
S. Truman
Story about an attempted assassination attempt on Truman by Puerto Rican Nationalists.
- The Truman Library
The Truman Presidential Library: an extremely good and informative site.
- "Project Whistlestop"
A very fine Truman site; contains information for teachers and students on the President.
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
Articles and Publications
DWIGHT DAVID EISENHOWER
General Resources
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
A good overall site for Eisenhower; it includes numerous accomplishments.
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
This is an excellent site for someone researching the military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower, from the time he entered West Point until he announced his candidacy for the Republican Party.
- Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (1896-1979)
This site shows how President Eisenhower met his wife Mamie.
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
This site contains critical information about Ike and his Presidency; how he kept a peaceful coexistence with the Soviet Union while still maintaining a strong posture against its threatened aggressions.
Domestic Affairs
- The Interstate Highway System
This is a very interesting site as it shows how America's highway system was first thought about by Teddy Roosevelt.It discusses how Eisenhower pushed for national highways in the United States, after battling the Germans in World War II.
- Presidential Items
This is a good site; primary materials written and signed by President Eisenhower during his Presidency.
- Dwight D. Eisenhower: Little Rock Response
Speech given on September 24,1957 during the public rush for Civil Rights.
- Eisenhower: The Chance for Peace
This site contains a speech given by Ike in Washington D.C. on April 16,1953. Uniquely it was Eisenhower's first major speech as President, as he was only in office for 12 weeks.
Foreign Affairs
- Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Site
This site contains a speech by Ike to the fact that Nuclear Tests should be abolished. The speech announces the President's proposal on Nuclear Arms, given on February 11,1960 in Geneva, Switzerland.
- Farewell Address-January 17,1961
President Eisenhower's Farewell Address, given on January 17,1961. Eisenhower warned against the developing "military-industrial-scientific" combinations.
- Dwight D. Eisenhower: Atoms for Peace
This is a speech given by Ike at the United Nations General Assembly, on December 8,1953.Called for banning nuclear testing in the environment.
Articles and Publications
- Man of the Year-Dwight D. Eisenhower
From Time Magazine. This site is a tribute to the man of the year - 1960. He was given this award and recognition for his service and work committed to making the world safer from communism.
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
This site may be found useful in doing research about how President Eisenhower conducted his affairs, as it includes all of his traveling outside of the continental U.S. It states his travels from December 2, 1952 to October 24, 1960.
- Dwight D. Eisenhower: Essay
This defines Ike's character. How his parents raised him to become the true gentleman he was.
- Eisenhower Knew POWs remained in Korea
This is a web page regarding the recent release of documents from the Eisenhower Era and Korean POWs.
JOHN FITZGERALD KENNEDY
General Resources
- Biography
of Jackie Kennedy
This site provides information, links, and other resources concerning the wife of John F.
Kennedy. Includes links to other sites of this topic and an area where one can order
books pertaining to the former First Lady.
- JFK Life & Career Overview
This website includes a vast amount of detail on JFK's early life, political career, and
Presidential accomplishments. The overview of his administration provides excellent
insight into the events of his brief tenure in the White House.
- JFK Policy Overview
Provides a brief summary of Kennedy's term as President and the events that shaped and
marked the early 1960's. Includes a wide-range of comments on topics, such as the Bay of Pigs
Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Domestic Affairs
- The 1960 Kennedy-Nixon
Debates
A site containing all four joint Presidential candidate debates from the 1960
Kennedy-Nixon contest. These discussions remain the trendsetter for televised
debates playing an important role in selecting a president.
- JFK's
Executive Orders
This site contains all 214 executive orders handed down by President Kennedy during
his tenure in office. The topics are wide ranging, and are able to be searched
in numerous ways.
- JFK's Special Message to
Congress on Urgent Needs - May 1961
This special message to Congress is famous for establishing the national goal
of putting Americans on the moon by the end of the decade. This site contains
the speech in its entirety and an audio clipping for those with capabilities.
- JFK's Statement to the
American People on Civil Rights - June 1963
This site contains JFK's speech stating that civil rights issue represents a
"moral crisis" within America and needs to be addressed. The Civil Rights
acts under LBJ's Great Society were influenced to some extent by this
rhetoric provided by JFK.
Foreign Affairs
- 14 Days in October: The Cuban Missile
Crisis
This site provides insight into the Cuban Missile Crisis and how it was handled
by all sides involved. Includes audio narration of the events, dossiers on the
major players, and briefings on the happenings of the crisis.
- Ich Bin Ein
Berliner
This site contains the text of JFK's June 26, 1963 oration to the people of West
Germany stating that all free men consider themselves citizens of that area.
A major speech in Cold War rhetoric that has been quoted and analyzed on
numerous occasions.
- JFK's Report to American
People on the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Provides the text to Kennedy's address to the nation on July 26, 1963 concerning
the NTBT. This treaty laid the foundation for the limitation of nuclear
proliferation and his rhetoric to the American people is a good way to determine
his line of reasoning on the subject.
- Address to the General
Assembly of the United Nations
This site provides the text of Kennedy's remarks to the General Assembly
in New York City on September 20, 1963. In the Cold War setting, these
remarks articulate the stance of the United States in fighting the battle of
rhetoric with the Soviets.
Articles and Publications
- Time Man of the Year-1961
This article pertains to JFK winning the prestigious 1961 Man of the Year
title from Time Magazine. The article contains commentary on his
accomplishments of the year and why he deserved this accolade.
- Was JFK Shot From
Two Different Directions?
Article comments on scientific evidence as to whether JFK was shot from more than
one direction. It offers insight into what actually happened pertaining to
the shooting and what evidence exits concerning this topic.
- Nazi Connection to the JFK
Assassination ?
This site contains an article that raises questions as to whether the Nazis
played a role in the JFK assassination. Includes scenarios and different
accounts to display a thesis raising this question.
- Continuing Inquiry
into JFK Assassination
An article that provides continuing inquisition into the manifold theories about the
assassination of President Kennedy. The site includes raising questions
concerning who was involved and what took place on that fateful afternoon
in Dallas.
LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON
General Resources
- LBJ and The Great Society
This site describes Johnson's work towards social welfare reform. It also links to other issues that Johnson had to face during his presidency.
- LBJ Biography
This site is a biography of LBJ from birth to death.
- Handbook of Texas Online: Lyndon Johnson
This is from the Texas State Historical Association. It contains a biography of Lyndon Johnson and discusses some of the events that comprised his political career.
- LBJ Library
This is a link to Johnson's Presidential Library. It has information on how to visit the library
